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During pneumocystis pneumonia, 3 stages are distinguished. Microscopic examination from the edematous stage reveals very characteristic changes.

In the acute phase of the disease, pneumocysts are found on the surface of the mucous membrane of small bronchi, which stain well with the PAS reaction and, especially, with silver impregnation according to the Grocott method. The most typical is the accumulation of pneumocysts in the alveolar ducts and cavities of the alveoli. With a relatively long course of the disease, there is a thickening of the interalveolar septa and their infiltration by monocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In some cases, the development of fibrocystic changes, dystelectasis with alternating atelectatic areas and emphysematous-dilated alveoli is noted.

5. Features of the course and morphological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in HIV infection.

B20.8 With HIV infection, toxoplasmosis is most characteristic of brain lesions. In the acute course of the process, toxoplasma is found both in nerve cells and extracellularly.

Necrotic changes occur with a mild exudative, predominantly microglial reaction.

As a result of vascular damage, secondary focal aseptic colliquative necrosis is possible.

Subsequently, the necrotic tissue resolves with the formation of cysts. In addition to the brain, toxoplasmosis can also affect the lymph nodes, liver, and other organs.

6. Features of the course and morphological diagnosis of cryptococcosis in HIV infection. B20.5 Macroscopically, cryptococcosis can be suspected only with a massive lesion of the pia mater, when they thicken somewhat and acquire a "jelly-like" appearance. The main diagnostic value in pathoanatomical practice is acquired by a histological examination, in which, when stained with hematoxylin-eosin, rounded pale-colored formations close in size to an erythrocyte are determined.

For cryptococci, it is extremely characteristic to be found in "microcysts" in the substance of the brain and other organs with a minimal cellular reaction.

7. Features of the course and morphological diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in HIV infection.

B20.2 The detection of characteristically transformed cells during histological examination with high accuracy indicates the replicative form of this infection.

As an additional diagnostic method, an immunohistochemical reaction can be used, which reveals the affected cells before the development of cytomegalic transformation. Around the cells containing viral inclusions, lymphohistiocytic and eosinophilic infiltration is naturally determined. Cytomegalic lesions are detected in the adrenal glands, kidneys, lungs, liver, brain, retina, thyroid gland and other organs, as well as in the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and the endothelium of various organs. 8. Features of the course and morphological diagnosis of herpes virus infection in HIV infection. B20.3 In pathoanatomical practice, focal necrotic encephalitis occurs.

Histological examination determined focal necrosis, with varying degrees of severity of glia proliferation and vasculitis. The most characteristic is the appearance of cells with hyperchromic nuclei, sometimes clear intranuclear basophilic inclusions are determined.

Aphthous lesions of the mucous membranes also occur.

Immunohistochemical study of lesions caused by the herpes simplex virus shows the presence of two fundamental forms - with the expression of the virus antigen in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system without affecting the parenchymal cells and the combined virus infection of the cells of online Levitra Men's Professional (Vardenafil) 20mg - the Health Buy reticuloendothelial system and parenchymal cells.