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In the cell, HIV RNA is converted into DNA (reverse transcription), which is integrated into DNA in the nucleus of the host cell using the viral integrase enzyme. HIV proteins formed in the cell are exposed to the protease enzyme, which renders them functional.
Thus, the host cell turns into a "machine" for the production of new virions (HIV has a very high replicative activity). Damage to helper T-lymphocytes (CD4) leads to disruption of intercellular interactions within the immune system, its functional failure, gradual exhaustion and, as a result, progressive immunodeficiency. A large number of viral particles circulating in the blood (“viral load” VL) determines the likelihood of a rapid decrease in the number of immune cells.
There is a clear relationship between the rate of CD4 decline and the rate of progression of HIV infection in a patient.
As a result of impaired function of helper T-lymphocytes, spontaneous activation of B-lymphocytes occurs, which leads to increased production of non-specific immunoglobulins and an increase in the concentration of circulating immune complexes.
The result of disorders in the immune system is a decrease in the body's resistance, a wide range of secondary diseases develop: secondary (opportunistic) infections, oncological, hematological, autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases.
A characteristic manifestation of HIV infection is chronic inflammation with damage to all organs and systems: autoimmune reactions, immune complex diseases and metabolic disorders lead to damage to the vascular endothelium and connective tissue with the development of cardiovascular, neurological, endocrine and osteoarticular pathologies.
All this determines the multiorganism of lesions and the variety of clinical symptoms.
Epidemiology of a disease or condition (groups of diseases or conditions) The source of infection is a person infected with HIV, in any stage of the disease. The role of an infected person as a source of infection increases in the early and late stages of the disease (the stage of primary manifestations and the stage of secondary diseases with a pronounced impairment of immunoreactivity) [1,2,3,4,5,6].
Ways of transmission of the virus: natural (sexual, from mother to child) and artificial (parenteral - injection, transfusion, transplantation, including when infected material gets on damaged skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth).