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A large number of viral particles circulating in the blood (“viral load” VL) determines the likelihood of a rapid decrease in the number of immune cells.
There is a clear relationship between the rate of CD4 decline and the rate of progression of HIV infection in a patient.
As a result of impaired function of helper T-lymphocytes, spontaneous activation of B-lymphocytes occurs, which leads to increased production of non-specific immunoglobulins and an increase in the concentration of circulating immune complexes. The result of disorders in the immune system is a decrease in the body's resistance, a wide range of secondary diseases develop: secondary (opportunistic) infections, oncological, hematological, autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases. A characteristic manifestation of HIV infection is chronic inflammation with damage to all organs and systems: autoimmune reactions, immune complex diseases and metabolic disorders
Epidemiology of a disease or condition (groups of diseases or conditions) The source of infection is a person infected with HIV, in any stage of the disease. The role of an infected person as a source of infection increases in the early and late stages of the disease (the stage of primary manifestations and the stage of secondary diseases with a pronounced impairment of immunoreactivity) [1,2,3,4,5,6].
Ways of transmission of the virus: natural (sexual, from mother to child) and artificial (parenteral - injection, transfusion, transplantation, including when infected material gets on damaged skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth).
The virus is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk.
The sexual route has been dominant in the spread of HIV infection in recent years. The probability of infection correlates with the number of human sexual partners and increases with inflammatory and dysplastic diseases of the genital organs and rectum. Mother -to- child transmission of HIV can occur at any stage of pregnancy, during childbirth and while breastfeeding .
In general, the transmission of infection occurs in the last weeks of pregnancy and during childbirth. Without prevention, mother-to-child transmission of HIV is about 20%.
Breastfeeding nearly doubles the risk of passing HIV to a baby.
parenteral route is implemented by the entry of HIV-infected material into the internal environment of the body during medical, paramedical and ritual interventions.
Among parenteral interventions, intravenous blood has the highest risk of infection. A high risk of infection exists with: intravenous administration of narcotic substances with non-sterile syringes and needles; transfusion of HIV-infected blood and its preparations; use of medical and non-medical instruments contaminated with biological fluids of a person infected with HIV.