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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the genetic material of HIV, based on the use of the uniqueness of the nucleotide sequences of RNA/DNA sections.
Qualitative determination of HIV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in blood lymphocytes is used in adults for early detection of HIV infection in the established/estimated period of the “serological window” (in the first weeks after infection, when the number of specific antibodies to HIV produced in the body of Buy Brahmi 60caps an online - Herbals infected person is not enough to detect ).
HIV RNA quantitation is used in the choice of drugs in ART regimens, to assess the effectiveness of ART and for prognostic purposes (see "Viral load").
Serodiscordant couples - couples who maintain long-term sexual relationships in which only one of the partners has HIV infection.
CD4 - CD4 + -T-lymphocytes - antigen-recognizing T-lymphocytes-helpers, an essential component of the induction of a humoral response to Buy Brahmi 60caps T-dependent online - Herbals antigens.
CD8 - CD8 + -T-lymphocytes - T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (T-killers) lyse target cells that carry foreign antigens or altered autoantigens. Elite Controller - a person belonging to a small group of HIV-infected patients who manage to restrain viral replication without antiretroviral therapy, and therefore, despite reliable serological infection, viral RNA in blood plasma is not detected by PCR method The prevalence of elite controllers with the ability to long-term suppression virus replication is less than 1%, temporary control is observed somewhat more often.
Definition of a disease or condition (a group of diseases or conditions) HIV infection is an infectious anthroponotic chronic disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, slowly progressing and characterized by damage to the immune system with the development of AIDS.
Clinical manifestations of the failure of the immune system are opportunistic infections, malignant neoplasms, dystrophic and autoimmune processes, which, in the absence of specific treatment, leads to the death of an infected person [1,2,3,4,5] 2. Etiology and pathogenesis of a disease or condition (groups of diseases or conditions) The human immunodeficiency virus, first isolated in 1983, belongs to the family of retroviruses, a feature of which is the presence of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which ensures the reverse direction of the flow of genetic information: from RNA to DNA.
The virus contains two strands of RNA; enzymes necessary for its replication (reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease); proteins and glycoproteins (gp41 and gp120) that form the envelope of the virus. Currently, two types of human immunodeficiency virus are known that have some antigenic differences - HIV-1 and HIV-2; the latter is found mainly in West Africa. The virus enters cells that have a CD4 receptor on their surface (T-helpers, monocytes, macrophages, Langerhans cells, follicular cells of lymph nodes, microglia) by binding its glycoproteins to the CD4 molecule and chemokine receptors. In the cell, HIV RNA is converted into DNA (reverse transcription), which is integrated into DNA in the nucleus of the host cell using the viral integrase enzyme.
HIV proteins formed in the cell are exposed to the protease enzyme, which renders them functional.
Thus, the host cell turns into a "machine" for the production of new virions (HIV has a very high replicative activity).
Damage to helper T-lymphocytes (CD4) leads to disruption of intercellular interactions within the immune system, its functional failure, gradual exhaustion and, as a result, progressive immunodeficiency.